In this paper, an approach for the synthesis of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) antenna systems in the time domain is proposed. Starting from the definition of suitable time-domain performance indexes, the design process is based on a spline representation of the antenna shape and a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) aimed at matching optimal radiation and electrical conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed time-domain technique is assessed by means of both numerical and experimental results.
Spectrum sharing analysis is remarkably important in investigating the possibility for coexistence between IMT-Advanced system and existing wireless services when operating in the same or adjacent frequency channel. The frequency band, 470-862 MHz, is currently allocating to TV broadcasting services (TVBS) and sub-bands within it are also allocated to fixed wireless access (FWA) service. Recently, international telecommunication union-radio (ITU-R) sector has allocated sub-bands within 470-862 MHz for IMT-Advanced systems. This concurrent operation causes destructive interference that influences the coexisting feasibility between IMT-Advanced and these existing services, FWA and broadcasting. This paper addresses a timely and topical problem dealing with spectrum sharing and coexistence between IMT-Advanced systems and both FWA and TVBS within 790-862 MHz. Co-channel and adjacent channel with an overlapping band and with or without guard band are intersystem interference scenarios investigated. The deterministic analysis is carried out by spectral emission mask (SEM) technique as well as interference to noise ratio graph. Various significant factors such as channel width, propagation path lengths, environments losses, and additional losses due to antenna discrimination which influence the feasibility of coexistence are evaluated. Feasible coexistence coordination procedures in terms of carrier frequency offset, separation distance, coverage cell size and required additional isolation are suggested.
This paper presents the design of two suspended substrate stripline (SSS) bandpass filters (BPFs), both with a source-load coupling structure embedded to create a transmission zero (TZ) near each side of the passband edges. For the first BPF, the physical circuit layout is proposed first and followed by the establishment of an equivalent LC circuit. The optimization of element values of the LC circuit using a circuit-level simulator leads to quick adjustment of the structural parameters of the physical circuit layout with the aid of a full-wave simulator. For the second BPF, the ingenious equivalent LC circuit modified from that of the first one is proposed for bandwidth enhancement, which is achieved by exciting two extra loaded resonances in the passband. With the element values of the LC circuit optimized, proper reshaping the physical circuit layout from that of the first BPF is easily accomplished. The presented lumped and full-wave mixed approach is very efficient in that the circuit-level simulator is used to the largest extent and the time-consuming full-wave simulator is employed only at the later stage of the design. Experiments are conducted to verify the design of the two SSS BPFs and agreements are observed between the measured and simulated data.
The accuracy of the finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) method in the solution of canonical waveguide discontinuity problems involving complementary or nearly complementary metamaterials (MTMs) is analytically discussed. It is shown that the good accuracy of the method (in comparison with other frequency-domain techniques) is due to the intrinsic approximation which it introduces in the finite-difference discretization of sharp dielectric interfaces. By exploiting such a result, a perturbation algorithm is proposed for the reliable modeling of MTMs devices when other frequency domain numerical methods are at disposal. A preliminary numerical analysis is carried out to assess the reliability and accuracy of the proposed modeling approach when canonical scattering problems are at hand.
The design process of a double-sided slotted TORUS axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) motor suitable for direct drive of electric vehicle (EV) is presented. It used sizing equation and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). AFPM motor is a high-torque-density motor easily mounted compactly onto a vehicle wheel, fitting the wheel rim perfectly. A preliminary design is a double-sided slotted AFPM motor with 6 rotor poles for high torque-density and stable rotation. In determining the design requirements, a simple vehicle-dynamics model that evaluates vehicle performance through the typical cruising trip of an automobile was considered. To obtain, with the highest possible torque, the initial design parameters of the motor, AFPM's fundamental theory and sizing equation were applied. Vector Field Opera-3D 14.0 commercial software ran the FEA of the motor design, evaluating and enhancing accuracy of the design parameters. Results of the FEA simulation were compared with those obtained from the sizing equation; at no-load condition, the flux density at every part of the motor agreed. The motor's design meets all the requirements and limits of EV, and fits the shape and size of a classical-vehicle wheel rim. The design process is comprehensive and can be used for an arbitrary EV with an arbitrary cruising scenario.
A high-performance multilayer dual-mode filter is developed based on the substrate integrated waveguide circular cavity (SICC) in this paper. The filter is constructed with two circular cavities and each cavity supports two degeneration modes, which can be generated and controlled by the coupling aperture and slot located between layers. Detailed design process is introduced to synthesize an X-band dual-mode dual-layer filter. It not only has the good performances, but also reduces the circuit size much more. Moreover, it can be found that the upper side response of the filter is very steep. Good agreement is obtained between the simulated and measured results of the proposed structure.
In this paper, electromagnetic optimal design is carried out for dual-band radome wall with alternating layers of staggered composite and Kagome lattice structure. The novel wall structure provides broadband transmission capability, along with excellent thermal-elastic properties and mechanical performances for high temperature applications. By optimizing the layer number (n) and the thickness of the whole wall (d), the power transmission efficiency of the novel structure in the frequency range of 1-100 GHz is calculated via boundary value method (BVM) based on electromagnetic theory. The calculation results suggest that if the wall thickness is dimensioned to be 6 mm and the wall structure is designed as 5 layers, the novel structure demonstrates excellent transmission performance. The optimal design results show that the power transmission efficiency is higher than 80% from 1 to 31 GHz in the centimeter wave range and from 59 to 100 GHz in the millimeter wave range, and the average transmission efficiency over the pass band reaches as high as 91%.
In this paper, the problem of target detection in co-located ``multi-input multi-output" (MIMO) radars is considered. A pulse-train signaling is assumed to be used in this system. As the doppler effect should be considered for the pulse-train signaling, we are confronted by a compound hypothesis testing problem, so in this paper a Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR) detector is derived. The high complexity of this detector makes us derive a new detector based on the theory of Independent Component Analysis (ICA). It is shown that the computational load of the ICA-based detector is much less than the GLR detector. It is also shown that the sensitivity of the ICA-based detector to the doppler effect is very low. According to this approach, an appropriate signal design method is presented, based on the separation performance of the ICA algorithms. It is shown that independent random sequences are proper signals in the sense of detection performance.
Compressed sensing (CS) is a new technology for recovering sparse data from undersampled measurements. It shows great potential to reduce energy for sensor networks. First, a basic global superposition model is proposed to obtain the measurements of sensor data, where a sampling matrix is modeled as the channel impulse response (CIR) matrix while the sparsifying matrix is expressed as the distributed wavelet transform (DWT). However, both the sampling and sparsifying matrixes depend on the location of sensors, so this model is highly coherent. This violates the assumption of CS and easily produces high data recovery error. In this paper, in order to reduce the coherence, we propose to control the transmit power of some nodes with the help of t-average-mutual-coherence, and recovery quality are greatly improved. Finally, to make the approach more realistic and energy-efficient, the CIR superposition is restricted in local clusters. Two key parameters, the radius of power control region and the radius of local clusters, are optimized based on the coherence and resource consideration in sensor networks. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides a high recovery quality for networked data and verify that t-average-mutual-coherence is a good criterion for optimizing the performance of CS in our scenario.
In this paper, a novel beamformer for adaptive combination of two adaptive filters is proposed for interference mitigation of sensor array. The proposed approach adaptively combines two individual filters by coefficient weights vector instead of one scale parameter and takes the constraint of affine combination into consideration rather than previous studies. Due to the more degrees of freedom offered by the mixing vector, the proposed beamformer significantly improves the convergence and tracking performances of the combined filter under both stationary and non-stationary environments, respectively. Based on the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) structure, the optimal mixing vector is derived by Lagrange method, and then several new effective iterative algorithms are developed for its updating in practical implementation. Furthermore, theoretical discussions of the convergent performances and complexities of the proposed iterative algorithms are also investigated to verify the feasibility of the proposed beamformer. Moreover, the proposed methods in application of beamforming for interference mitigation of antenna array are simulated based space-time processing technique. When compared to existing methods, the proposed approach exhibits faster convergence rate and higher output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Its good behavior is illustrated through simulation results.
In circular synthetic aperture radar (CSAR), the radar collects data over a circular not a linear trajectory. The two-dimensional (2D) CSAR image also contains three-dimensional (3D) information about the target. In this paper, we propose an imaging algorithm for 3D target reconstruction with two-pass CSAR observations so as to overcome the problem of limited azimuthal persistence for real anisotropic targets, and avoid the assumption that target falls into the same resolution cell for each elevation pass when multi-pass observations are used. In the algorithm, the first step is to divide both of the two full-aperture CSAR data into subapertures in the same way; the second step is to obtain, for each subaperture, the height of target according to the established relationship between the pixel displacements in the image pair of two observations on the same focal plane and the pixel displacements in the image pair of one observation on two different focal planes; the third step is to obtain the 3D target coordinates based on the retrieved height information and the 2D image coordinates; the last step is to get the final 3D image by combining the obtained 3D images of all subapertures. The results of point target simulation indicate that the 3D information (both amplitudes and positions) are well reconstructed. At the same time, the processing results of backhoe data simulated by the Xpatch software show that the outline of the 3D structure is also well reconstructed although the available data corresponding to the depressing angles are not as good as expected.
In this article, a genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to the design of low radar cross section (RCS) patch antennas. Combined with the high frequency simulation software (HFSS) for antenna simulations, the GA performs the optimization of geometric parameters. In order to reduce the RCS while holding the satisfying radiation performance of antennas, the radiation model and scattering model are respectively calculated. The combination of proportionate selection and elitist model for the selection strategy is used to speed up the convergence of the GA. Two-point crossover is adopted to accelerate the converging speed and results in more fit individuals. Moreover, the whole design procedure is auto-controlled by programming the VBScript in the HFSS. Two examples of low RCS slot antennas are provided to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
We consider a topological derivative based imaging technique for non-iterative imaging of small and extended perfectly conducting cracks with Dirichlet boundary condition. For this purpose, we introduce topological derivative imaging function based on the asymptotic formula in the existence of narrow crack. We then mathematically analyze its structure in order to investigate why it yields the shape of crack(s). Analyzed structure gives us an optimal condition to get a better image of them. Various numerical experiments support our analysis.
We have built Fabry-Pérot resonators based on microstructured silicon and a liquid crystal. The devices exhibit tuning of the resonance peaks over a wide range, with relative spectral shifts of up to Δλ/λ = 10%. In order to achieve this substantial spectral shift, cavity peaks of high order were used. Under applied voltages of up to 15 V, a variation in the refractive index of the nematic liquid crystal E7 from ΔnLC = 0.12 to ΔnLC = 0.17 was observed. These results may have practical applications in the near-, mid and far-infrared range.
Detecting an on-the-ground object is a subject of interest for use in some applications. Foreign Object Detection (FOD), which is an important issue in aviation safety, is a possible application. In this way, radar imaging, has several inherent advantages over other on-the-ground object detection techniques. This paper will introduce a ground-based Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar, which detects and localizes various objects, based on their reflection properties of microwaves. Here, wideband Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) chirp pulses are employed for the transmission and reception of reflection pulses, both to and from the object under test. Once the pulses are received by the radar, a processing algorithm (proposed later in this paper) is executed to confirm detection. In order to verify the validity of the model, a prototype was developed and a series of field experiments was carried out. The results show that the proposed system has the ability to detect and localize on-the-ground objects with dimensions as small as 2 cm high and 1 cm diameter, located several metres away. Furthermore, the resolution of the system was analysed and results indicate that the system is capable of distinguishing multiple objects in close proximity to each other, which therefore, makes it suitable for FOD applications by some small modifications.
A new Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has been developed at Multimedia University, in collaboration with Agency of Remote Sensing Malaysia. The SAR operates at C-band, single $VV$-polarization, with 5 m x 5 m spatial resolution. Its unique features include compact in size, light weight, low power and capable of performing real-time imaging. A series of field measurements and flight tests has been conducted and good quality SAR images have been obtained. The system will be used for monitoring and management of earth resources such as paddy fields, oil palm plantation and soil surface. This paper reports the system design and development, as well as some preliminary results of the UAVSAR.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) has an adverse effect on the performance of electronic circuit communication systems. This study derives a series of equations to analyze the effects of the EMI induced in a conducting wire on the noise spectrum of a RC Phase Shift Oscillator (RCPSO). It is shown that the extent to which EMI affects the RCPSO depends on the interference power, interference frequency, induced power, output resistance of the oscillator circuit, and parasitic capacitance. Specifically, higher EMI frequencies and amplitudes have a greater effect on the RCPSO output. The results presented in this study are in good agreement with those predicted from general EMI theory.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) microwave radar imaging techniques provide a non-invasive means to extract information related to an object's internal structure. For these applications, a short-duration electromagnetic wave is transmitted into an object of interest and the backscattered fields that arise due to dielectric contrasts at interfaces are measured. In this paper, we present a method that may be used to estimate the time-of-arrival (TOA) parameter associated with each reflection that arises due to a dielectric property discontinuity (or dielectric interface). A second method uses this information to identify the locations of points on these interfaces. When data are collected at a number of sensor locations surrounding the object, the collection of points may be used to estimate the shape of contours that segregate and enclose dissimilar regions within the object. The algorithm is tested with data generated when a cylindrical wave is applied to a number of numerical 2D models of increasing complexity. Moreover, the algorithm's feasibility is evaluated using data generated from breast models constructed from magnetic resonance (MR) breast scans. Results show that this is a promising approach to identifying regions and the internal structure within the breast.
A new approach to reduce the numerical dispersion of the six-stages split-step unconditionally-stable finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is presented, which is based on the split-step scheme and Crank-Nicolson scheme. Firstly, based on the matrix elements related to spatial derivatives along the x, y, and z coordinate directions, the matrix derived from the classical Maxwell's equations is split into six sub-matrices. Simultaneously, three controlling parameters are introduced to decrease the numerical dispersion error. Accordingly, the time step is divided into six sub-steps. Secondly, the analysis shows that the proposed method is unconditionally stable. Moreover, the dispersion relation of the proposed method is carried out. Thirdly, the processes of determination of the controlling parameters are shown. Furthermore, the dispersion characteristics of the proposed method are also investigated, and the maximum dispersion error of the proposed method can be decreased significantly. Finally, numerical experiments are presented to substantiate the efficiency of the proposed method.
The classical interpolation-based Polar Format Algorithm (PFA) for spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) results in numerous computation load, which, reduces processing speed and increase system complexity. To decrease computation load, this paper proposes a novel non-interpolation PFA algorithm for sensor flying along non-lineal flight trajectories, which are specially designed curves in conical surface. Then an innovative auto-adaptive Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) technique is put forward to uniformly sample signal in azimuth direction. The computation load of the new PFA is merely left to azimuth chirp z-transforms (CZTs) and range fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) after dechirp processing and residual video phase (RVP) compensation. Two flight modes (ellipse trajectory mode and hyperbola trajectory mode) are analyzed. A lineal approximation method is proposed to simplify non-lineal sensor trajectory analysis. Computer simulation results for multiple point targets validate the presented approach. Comparison of computation load between this PFA and traditional PFA is represented in Appendix B.
In this paper, the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method in combination with the truncated wedge incremental length diffraction coefficients (TW-ILDCs) is implemented on the heterogeneous CPU-GPU architecture to effectively solve the electromagnetic scattering problems. The SBR is mapped to the GPU because numerous independent ray tubes can make full use of the massively parallel resources on the GPU, while the TW-ILDCs are implemented on the CPU since they require complex and high-precision numerical calculation to get the accurate result. As the computation times of neighboring aspect angles are similar, a dynamic load adjustment method is presented to achieve reasonable load balancing between the CPU and GPU. Applications, including the radar cross section (RCS) prediction and inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging, demonstrate that the proposed method can greatly improve the computational efficiency by fully utilizing all available resources of the heterogeneous system.
A fast Inverse Polynomial Reconstruction Method (IPRM) is proposed to efficiently eliminate the Gibbs phenomenon in Fourier reconstruction of discontinuous functions. The framework of the fast IPRM is modified by reconstructing the function in discretized elements, then the Conformal Fourier Transform (CFT) and the Chirp Z-Transform (CZT) algorithms are applied to accelerate the evaluation of reconstruction coefficients. The memory cost of the fast IPRM is also significantly reduced, owing to the transformation matrix being discretized in the modified framework. The computation complexity and memory cost of the fast IPRM are O(MN log 2L) and O(MN), respectively, where L is the number of the discretized elements, M is the degree of polynomials for the reconstruction of each element, and N is the number of the Fourier series. Numerical results demonstrate that the fast IPRM method not only inherits the robustness of the Generalized IPRM (G-IPRM) method, but also significantly reduces the computation time and the memory cost. Therefore, the fast IPRM method is useful for the pseudospectral time domain methods and for the volume integral equation of the discontinuous material distributions.
An evolutionary learning algorithm based on differential evolution strategy (DES) and continuous ant colony optimization (CACO) for wideband antenna design is proposed. The advantages of this hybrid method are demonstrated with several mathematical functions and a linear array pattern synthesis. This method is applied to design an E-shaped wideband patch antenna, which achieves the impedance bandwidth 4.8 ~ 6.53 GHz. We compare the hybrid method with the traditional DES and CACO optimization algorithms, and the advantage of this hybrid method over the DES and the CACO is also demonstrated.
A multispectral 24 x 24 bolometric matrix structure of terahertz (THz) absorbers operating at 0.3-0.4 THz was proposed and experimentally investigated. Each pixel of the structure was implemented as a fragment of an ultra-thin metamaterial absorber. The matrix structure consisted of four types of pixels with nearly perfect absorptivity. Three pixels were at 0.30, 0.33, 0.36 THz respectively with identically oriented polarization sensitivity, and the fourth pixel was at 0.33 THz oriented with polarization sensitivity orthogonal to foregoing ones. The backside of the structure included a high-performance infrared emissive layer. Resonant absorption of THz radiation induced the structure heating and increasing IR emission from the emissive layer, which was henceforth detected by the IR camera. The terahertz imaging system, capable to operate in real time, with spectral and polarization discrimination was demonstrated. The experimental results showed good spectral and polarization resolution together with acceptable spatial resolution.
Tray-type quasi-optical (QO) power combiners are able to combine the high- and medium-output power of QO systems with the well-known advantages of pulsed ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. In this work, an alternative low-profile tray-type passive structure for 3 GHz-10 GHz power combining is proposed. The purpose of the proposed solution is to reduce the physical size with respect to other existing architectures by using hybrid coaxial lines. In spite of the reduced size, the structure maintains ultra-wideband operation and high combining efficiency, as proved through measurements. Therefore, the proposed structure is suitable for integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers for medium- and high-power generation, depending on the type of MMICs which are integrated into the passive combiner. Numerical analyses of the designed power combiner integrated with some MMIC amplifiers reveal its benefits in terms of increased output power and wider dynamic range compared to isolated MMICs.
In this work, a dual circular polarized steering antenna for satellite communications in X band is presented. The antenna consists of printed elements grouped in an array. This terminal works in a frequency band from 7.25 GHz up to 8.4 GHz (15% of bandwidth), where both bands, reception (RX) and transmission (TX) are included simultaneously and Left Handed Circular Polarization (LHCP) and Right Handed Circular Polarization (RHCP) are interchangeable. The antenna is compact, narrow bandwidth and reaches a gain of 16 dBi. It has the capability to steer in elevation to 45°, 75°, 105° and 135° electronically with a butler matrix and 360° in azimuth with a motorized junction.
An ANN-based small-signal equivalent circuit model for 130 nm MOSFET device is proposed in this paper. The proposed model combines the conventional small-signal equivalent circuit model and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to achieve higher accuracy. Good agreement is obtained between proposed model and measured results confirming the validity and effectiveness of proposed model.
Magnetic induction tomography (MIT) attempts to image the passive electromagnetic properties (PEP) of an object by measuring the mutual inductances between pairs of coils placed around its periphery. In recent years, there has been an increase in applications of non-contact magnetic induction tomography. When finite element-based reconstruction methods are used, that rely on the inversion of a derivative operator, the large size of the Jacobian matrix poses a challenge since the explicit formulation and storage of the Jacobian matrix could be in general not feasible. This problem is aggravated further in applications for example when the number of coils is increased and in three-dimension. Krylov subspace methods such as conjugate gradient (CG) methods are suitable for such large scale inverse problems. However, these methods require use of the Jacobian matrix, which can be large scale. This paper presents a matrix-free reconstruction method, that addresses the problems of large scale inversion and reduces the computational cost and memory requirements for the reconstruction. The idea behind the matrix-free method is that information about the Jacobian matrix could be available through matrix times vector products so that the creation and storage of big matrices can be avoided. Furthermore the matrix vector multiplications were performed in multiple core fashion so that the computational time can decrease even further. The method was tested for the simulated and experimental data from lab experiments, and substantial benefits in computational times and memory requirements have been observed.
The usability of the EMT (Electromagnetic Topology) method is discussed and verified in this paper. The EMT results are compared to the results from a 3D fullwave electromagnetic solver. The electromagnetic wave shows a very fast rise time in the EMP (Electromagnetic Pulse) signal; the SUT (System Under Test) is a simple PCB strip line model. The resistances of the loads attached to each side of the strip line were 1 MΩ and 50 Ω. We then obtained the noise voltages occurring in each load when being penetrated by an EMP. We also discuss the frequency sweeps used to obtain the resonant frequencies of the model. The results agree well with those from the CST Microwave Studio. The EMT method would be more accurate if the dielectric tangent loss and copper loss are considered.
This study experimentally demonstrates a broadband (20%) superluminality in a Fabry-Pérot-like interferometer implemented on a waveguide system. A narrow wave packet propagating with an efective group velocity of 5.29 +4.28 -1.70 c without distortion was observed. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the multiple-reflection interference and the modal effect, which provide an approach for controlling the wave characteristics through manipulating the geometry of the system. Besides, the criteria of the renowned generalized Hartman effect are explicitly clarified.
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