Vol. 18

Latest Volume
All Volumes
All Issues
2009-10-03

Transparent Shells --- Invisible to Electromagnetic Waves

By Zhong-Lei Mei and Tie-Jun Cui
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 18, 149-163, 2009
doi:10.2528/PIERB09082805

Abstract

In this paper, we study metamaterial-based transparent shells, which are invisible to electromagnetic waves and fields. More general topics, including material loss, material discretization and far field distribution etc. are covered in order to facilitate possible realization. We design and analyze the transparent shells using optical transformation. Unlike the widely-studied cloaking devices which make the objects inside invisible, the transparent shells physically cover and shield the devices inside without sacrifice of their electrical performance since they are transparent to incoming electromagnetic waves. Due to the simple constitutive parameters, these transparent structures could be realized using artificial metamaterials in a wide frequency band, which may have wide applications in civil and military areas.

Citation


Zhong-Lei Mei and Tie-Jun Cui, "Transparent Shells --- Invisible to Electromagnetic Waves," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 18, 149-163, 2009.
doi:10.2528/PIERB09082805
http://test.jpier.org/PIERB/pier.php?paper=09082805

References


    1. Pendry, J. B., D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, "Controlling electromagnetic fields," Science, Vol. 312, 1780-1782, 2006.
    doi:10.1126/science.1125907

    2. Schurig, D., J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, "Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies," Science, Vol. 314, 977-980, 2006.
    doi:10.1126/science.1133628

    3. Kwon, D. and D. H. Werner, "Restoration of antenna parameters in scattering environments using electromagnetic cloaking," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 92, 113507, 2008.
    doi:10.1063/1.2898220

    4. Ma, H., S. Qu, Z. Xu, and J.Wang, "The open cloak," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 94, 103501, 2009.
    doi:10.1063/1.3095436

    5. Kwon, D., D. H. Werner, and , "Two-dimensional eccentric elliptic electromagnetic cloaks," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 92, 013505, 2008.
    doi:10.1063/1.2830698

    6. Mei, Z. L. and T. J. Cui, "Design of transparent cloaks with optical transformation," Proceedings of the 2008 International Workshop on Metamaterials, 137-139, 2008.

    7. Leonhardt, U. and T. Tyc, "Broadband invisibility by non-Euclidean cloaking," Science, Vol. 323, 110-112, 2009.
    doi:10.1126/science.1166332

    8. Cai, W., U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, V. M. Shalaev, and G. W. Milton, "Nonmagnetic cloak with minimized scattering," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 91, 111105, 2007.
    doi:10.1063/1.2783266

    9. Rahm, M., D. Schurig, D. A. Roberts, S. A. Cummer, D. R. Smith, and J. B. Pendry, "Design of electromagnetic cloaks and concentrators using form-invariant coordinate transformations of Maxwell's equations," Photonics Nanostruct. Fund. Appl., Vol. 6, 87-95, 2007.
    doi:10.1016/j.photonics.2007.07.013

    10. Chen, H., B. I. Wu, B. Zhang, and J. A. Kong, "Electromagnetic wave interactions with a metamaterial cloak," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 99, 063903, 2007.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.063903

    11. Cummer, S. A., B. I. Popa, D. Schurig, D. R. Smith, and J. B. Pendry, "Full-wave simulations of electromagnetic cloaking structures," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 74, 036621, 2006.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.74.036621

    12. Huang, Y., Y. Feng, and T. Jiang, "Electromagnetic cloaking by layered structure of homogeneous isotropic materials," Opt. Express, Vol. 15, No. 18, 11133-11141, 2007.
    doi:10.1364/OE.15.011133

    13. Li, J. and J. B. Pendry, "Hiding under the carpet: A new strategy for cloaking," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 101, 203901, 2008.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.203901

    14. Liu, R., C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, "Broadband ground-plane cloak," Science, Vol. 323, 366-369, 2009.
    doi:10.1126/science.1166949

    15. Lai, Y., J. Ng, H. Chen, D. Han, J. Xiao, Z. Zhang, and C. T. Chan, "Illusion optics: The optical transformation of an object into another object," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 102, 25390, 2009.

    16. Lai, Y., H. Chen, Z. Zhang, and C. T. Chan, "Complementary media invisibility cloak that cloaks objects at a distance outside the cloaking shell," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 102, 093901, 2009.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.093901

    17. Cai, W., U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, "Optical cloaking with metamaterials," Nat. Photon., Vol. 1, 224-227, 2007.
    doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.28

    18. Cai, W., U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, "Designs for optical cloaking with high-order transformations," Opt. Express, Vol. 16, No. 8, 5444-5452, 2008.
    doi:10.1364/OE.16.005444

    19. Valentine, J., J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, "An optical cloak made of dielectrics," Nat. Materials, Vol. 8, 568-571, 2009.
    doi:10.1038/nmat2461

    20. Gabrielli, L. H., J. Cardenas, C. B. Poitras, and M. Lipson, "Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies," Nat. Photon., Vol. 3, 461-463, 2009.
    doi:10.1038/nphoton.2009.117

    21. Smolyaninov, I. I., V. N. Smolyaninova, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, "Anisotropic metamaterials emulated by taperedwaveguides: Application to optical cloaking," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 102, 213901, 2009.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.213901

    22. Zharova, N. A., I. V. Shadrivov, and Y. S. Kivshar, "Inside-out electromagnetic cloaking," Opt. Express, Vol. 16, No. 7, 4615-4620, 2008.
    doi:10.1364/OE.16.004615

    23. Chen, H. and C. T. Chan, "Transformation media that rotate electromagnetic fields," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 90, 241105, 2007.
    doi:10.1063/1.2748302

    24. Chen, H., B. Hou, S. Chen, X. Ao, W. Wen, and C. T. Chan, "Design and experimental realization of a broadband transformation media ¯eld rotator at microwave frequencies," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 102, 183903, 2009.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.183903

    25. Tsang, M. and D. Psaltis, "Magnifying perfect lens and superlens design by coordinate transformation," Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 77, 035122, 2008.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.035122

    26. Jiang, W. X., T. J. Cui, Q. Cheng, J. Y. Chin, X. M. Yang, R. Liu, and D. R. Smith, "Design of arbitrarily shaped concentrators based on conformally optical transformation of nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 92, 264101, 2008.
    doi:10.1063/1.2951485

    27. Kong, F., B. I. Wu, J. A. Kong, J. Huangfu, S. Xi, and H. Chen, "Planar focusing antenna design by using coordinate transformation technology," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 91, 253509, 2007.
    doi:10.1063/1.2826283

    28. Jiang, W. X., T. J. Cui, X. Y. Zhou, X. M. Yang, and Q. Cheng, "Analytical design of conformally invisible cloaks for arbitrarily shaped objects," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 78, 066607, 2008.

    29. Schurig, D., J. B. Pendry, and D. R. Smith, "Transformation-designed optical elements," Opt. Express, Vol. 15, No. 22, 14772-14782, 2007.
    doi:10.1364/OE.15.014772

    30. Rahm, M., D. A. Roberts, J. B. Pendry, and D. R. Smith, "Transformation-optical design of adaptive beam bends and beam expanders," Opt. Express, Vol. 16, No. 15, 11555-11567, 2008.
    doi:10.1364/OE.16.011555

    31. Roberts, D. A., M. Rahm, J. B. Pendry, and D. R. Smith, "Transformation-optical design of sharp waveguide bends and corners," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 93, 251111, 2008.
    doi:10.1063/1.3055604

    32. Kwon, D. and D. H. Werner, "Transformation optical designs for wave collimators, flat lenses and right-angle bends," New J. Phys., Vol. 10, 115023, 2008.
    doi:10.1088/1367-2630/10/11/115023

    33. Rahm, M., S. A. Cummer, D. Schurig, J. B. Pendry, and D. R. Smith, "Optical design of reflectionless complex media by finite embedded coordinate transformations," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 100, 063903, 2008.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.063903

    34. Tyc, T. and U. Leonhardt, "Transmutation of singularities in optical instruments," New J. Phys., Vol. 10, 115038, 2008.
    doi:10.1088/1367-2630/10/11/115038

    35. Ma, Y. G., C. K. Ong, T. Tyc, and U. Leonhardt, "An omnidirectional retroreflector based on the transmutation of dielectric singularities," Nat. Materials, Vol. 8, 639-642, 2009.
    doi:10.1038/nmat2489

    36. Alu, A. and N. Engheta, "Achieving transparency with plasmonic and metamaterial coatings," Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 72, 016623, 2005.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.016623

    37. Alu, A. and N. Engheta, "Plasmonic materials in transparency and cloaking problems: Mechanism, robustness, and physical insights," Opt. Express, Vol. 15, 3318-3332, 2007.
    doi:10.1364/OE.15.003318

    38. Alu, A. and N. Engheta, "Multifrequency optical invisibility cloak with layered plasmonic shells," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 100, 113901, 2008.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.113901

    39. Alu, A. and N. Engheta, "Cloaking a sensor," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 102, 233901, 2009.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.233901

    40. Milton, G. W. and N. P. Nicorovici, "On the cloaking effects associated with anomalous localized resonance," Proc. R. Soc. A, Vol. 462, 3027-3059, 2006.
    doi:10.1098/rspa.2006.1715

    41. Vasquez, F. G., G. W. Milton, and D. Onofrei, "Broadband exterior cloaking," Opt. Express, Vol. 17, 14800-14805, 2009.
    doi:10.1364/OE.17.014800

    42. Vasquez, F. G., G. W. Milton, and D. Onofrei, "Active exterior cloaking for the 2D laplace and helmholtz equations," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 103, 073901, 2009.
    doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.073901

    43. Alitalo, P., O. Luukkonen, L. Jylh, J. Venermo, and S. A. Tretyakov, "Transmission-line networks cloaking objects from electromagnetic fields," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 56, 416-424, 2008.
    doi:10.1109/TAP.2007.915469

    44. Alitalo, P., F. Bongard, J. Zurcher, J. Mosig, and S. Tretyakov, "Experimental verification of broadband cloaking using a volumetric cloak composed of periodically stacked cylindrical transmission-line networks," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 94, 014103, 2009.
    doi:10.1063/1.3068749

    45. Yu, G. X., T. J. Cui, and W. X. Jiang, "Design of transparent structure using metamaterial," J. Infrared Milli. Terahz Waves, Vol. 30, 633-641, 2009.
    doi:10.1007/s10762-009-9484-8

    46. Leonhardt, U. and T. G. Philbin, "General relativity in electrical engineering," New J. Phys., Vol. 8, 247, 2006.
    doi:10.1088/1367-2630/8/10/247

    47. Schurig, D., J. B. Pendry, and D. R. Smith, "Calculation of material properties and ray tracing in transformation media," Opt. Express, Vol. 14, No. 21, 9794-9804, 2006.
    doi:10.1364/OE.14.009794

    48. Milton, G. W., M. Briane, and J. R. Willis, "On cloaking for elasticity and physical equations with a transformation invariant form," New J. Phys., Vol. 8, 248, 2006.
    doi:10.1088/1367-2630/8/10/248