Vol. 102

Latest Volume
All Volumes
All Issues
2023-08-03

Assessment of Human Exposure to High Frequency Fields Generated by Wireless Transmitters: a Simplified Analytical Model

By Petra Rasic, Zoran Blazevic, and Dragan Poljak
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 102, 19-35, 2023
doi:10.2528/PIERB23042006

Abstract

This work examines the effects of high frequency radio transmission on the human body. A magnetic point source is used to generate a signal that is transmitted through the human body at a specified distance. The study was conducted to evaluate the health effects of exposure to high frequency radiation, in relation to current density, induced electric field and specific absorption rate at frequencies of 6.78 MHz and 13.56 MHz. The results for both an equivalent cylinder and a realistic human body model were compared. The analytical method presumes a sinusoidal current distribution along the cylinder and introduces the approximations of field integrals. The numerical simulations by the commercial software FEKO confirmed the analytical results depicted in the paper. The study shows that maximum differences between the results of the proposed analytical model and human model (regardless being realistic or cylinder) are less than 10%. This is convenient because analytical methods can ensure fast estimations of the exposure standard limitations.

Citation


Petra Rasic, Zoran Blazevic, and Dragan Poljak, "Assessment of Human Exposure to High Frequency Fields Generated by Wireless Transmitters: a Simplified Analytical Model," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 102, 19-35, 2023.
doi:10.2528/PIERB23042006
http://test.jpier.org/PIERB/pier.php?paper=23042006

References


    1. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), "Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic elds (100 kHz to 300 GHz)," Health Physics, Vol. 118, 483-524, 2020.
    doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000001210

    2. Reilly, J. P., Applied Bioelectricity: From Electrical Stimulation to Electro Pathology, Springer Science & Business Media, New York, NY, USA, 2012.

    3. WHO --- World Health Organization, "Electromagnetic fields (300 Hz-300 GHz),", Environmental Health Criteria, Vol. 137, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993.

    4. Fish, R. M. and L. A. Geddes, "Conduction of electrical current to and through the human body: A review," ePlasty: Open Access Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol. 9, 407-421, 2009.

    5. WHO --- World Health Organization, "Extremely low frequency fields,", Environmental Health Criteria, Vol. 238, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.

    6. Gryz, K. and J. Karpowicz, "Principles for electromagnetic hazards assessment related to induced and contact currents," Podstawy I Metod, Oceny Srodowiska, Vol. 4, 137-171, 2008.

    7. Kavet, R., R. A. Tell, and R. G. Olsen, "Radiofrequency contact currents: Sensory responses and dosimetry," Radiat. Prot. Dosim., Vol. 162, 268-279, 2014.
    doi:10.1093/rpd/nct311

    8. Scienti c Committee on Emerging and Newly Identi ed Health Risks (SCENIHR), "Potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF),", European Commission, 1-288, Brussels, Belgium, 2015.

    9. Tell, R. A. and C. A. Tell, "Perspectives on setting limits for RF contact currents: A commentary," Biomed. Eng., Vol. 17, 2018.

    10. Poljak, D., "Human exposure to non-ionizingradiation,", Kigen, Zagreb, 2006.

    11., , http://eceweb1.rutgers.edu/orfanidi/ewa/ch25.pdf, Dec. 1, 2022.

    12. Gandhi, O. P. and J. Y. Chen, "Numerical dosimetry at power line frequencies using anatomically based models," Bioelectromagnetics Suppl., Vol. 1, 43-60, 1992.
    doi:10.1002/bem.2250130706

    13. Chiba, A., K. Isaka, and Y. Onogi, "Analysis of current densities induced inside human model by the two-steps process method combining the surface integral equation and the finite element method," Electronics and Communication in Japan, Part 2, Vol. 79, No. 4, 1994.

    14. Gonzales, C., A. Peratta, and D. Poljak, "Boundary element modelling of the realistic human body exposed to extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields: Computational and geometrical aspects," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 49, No. 1, 153-162, 2007.
    doi:10.1109/TEMC.2006.888167

    15. Gonzalez, C., A. Peratta, and D. Poljak, "Induced currents in the human body resulting from the proximity to surfaces at fixed potentials," Proceedings SoftCOM 2007, 139-143, University of Split, FESB, 2007.

    16. Gonzalez, C., A. Peratta, and D. Poljak, "Human body exposure to fixed potential surfaces in power substations," Modelling in Medicine and Biology VII, 243-252, WIT Press, Brebbia, Carlos A. (ur.), Southampton, 2007.

    17. Cavka, D., D. Poljak, A. Peratta, and C. Brebbia, "Boundary element model of the human heas exposed to electrostatic field generated by Video Display Units," Boundary Elements and Other Mesh Reduction Method XXX, L. Skerget, C. A. Brebbia, 115-124, WIT Press, Southampton, 2008.

    18. Gonzalez, C., A. Peratta, and D. Poljak, "Pregnant women exposes to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields," Proceedings of 2008 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks, University of Split, FESB, 2008.

    19. Gonzalez, C., A. Peratta, and D. Poljak, "Electromagnetic modeling of fetus and pregnant women exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields," Boundary Elements and Other Mesh Reduction Methods XXX/Southampton, 85-94, WIT Press, 2008.
    doi:10.2495/BE080091

    20. Gandhi, O. P., "Some numerical methods for dosimetry: Extremely low frequencies to microwave frequencies," Radio Sci., Vol. 30, No. 1, 161-177, Jan.-Feb. 1995.
    doi:10.1029/94RS01158

    21. Gandhi, O. P., Y. Gu, Y. J. Y. Chen, and H. I. Bassen, "Specific absorption rates and induced current distributions in anatomically based model for plane wave exposures," Health Physics, Vol. 63, No. 3, 281-290, Spet. 1992.
    doi:10.1097/00004032-199209000-00003

    22. Dawson, T. W., K. Caputa, and M. A. Stuchly, "High-resolution organ dosimetry for human exposure to low frequency electric fields," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 2, 366-373, Apr. 1998.
    doi:10.1109/61.660903

    23. Laakso, I., T. Shimamoto, A. Hirata, and M. Feliziani, "Applicability of quasistatic approximation for exposure assessment of wireless power transfer," 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Tokyo, 2014.

    24. Hirata, A., S. Tsuchida, and I. Laakso, "Variability of SAR in different human models due to wireless power transfer with magnetic resonance," 2013 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2013.

    25. Hirata, A., T. Sunohara, I. Laakso, and T. Onishi, "SAR in a simpli ed human model due to wireless power transfer with induction coupling," 2013 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2013.

    26. Christ, A., M. Douglas, J. Nadakuduti, and N. Kuster, "Assessing human exposure to electromagnetic fields from wireless power transmission systems," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 101, No. 6, 1482-1493, 2013.
    doi:10.1109/JPROC.2013.2245851

    27. Koohestani, M., M. Ettorre, and M. Zhadobov, "Wireless power transfer: Are children more exposed than adults?," 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 2017.

    28. Laakso, T. I., A. Hirata, and T. Onishi, "Induced field and SAR in human body model due to wireless powertransfer system with induction coupling," 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Tokyo, 2014.

    29. Yuan, Q., Y. Chen, L. Li, and K. Sawaya, "Numerical analysis on transmission efficiency of evanescent resonant coupling wireless power transfer system," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 58, No. 5, 1751-1758, May 2010.
    doi:10.1109/TAP.2010.2044321

    30. Christ, A., M. G. Douglas, J. M. Roman, E. B. Cooper, A. P. Sample, B. H. Waters, J. R. Smith, and N. Kuster, "Evaluation of wireless resonant power transfer systems with human electromagnetic exposure limits," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 55, No. 2, 265-274, Apr. 2013.

    31. Chen, X. L., A. E. Umenei, D. W. Baarman, N. Chavannes, V. De Santis, J. R. Mosig, and N. Kuster, "Human exposure to close-range resonant wireless power transfer systems as a function of design parameters," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., Vol. 56, No. 5, 1027-1034, Oct. 2014.
    doi:10.1109/TEMC.2014.2308013

    32., , IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, C95, IEEE, New York, 2005.

    33. ICNIRP, "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)," Health Physics, Vol. 74, 494-522, 1998.

    34. Rasic, P., Z. Blazevic, D. Poljak, and M. Skiljo, "A simpli ed analytical model for human exposure to electromagnetic radiation of HF wireless power transmitter," Splitech 2022, 2022.

    35., , IT'IS Database, http://www.itis.ethz.ch/virtual-population/tissue-properties/database/dielectric- properties.

    36. King, R. W. P., "Electric current and electric field induced in the human body when exposed to an incident electric field near the resonant frequency," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech., Vol. 48, No. 9, 1537-1543, Sept. 2000.
    doi:10.1109/22.869005

    37. Tseng, R., B. von Novak, S. Shevde, and K. A. Grajski, "Introduction to the alliance for wireless power loosely-coupled wireless power transfer system speci cation version 1.0," Proceedings of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), 79-83, Perugia, Italy, May 15-16, 2013.

    38. Lee, J. and S. Nam, "Fundamental aspects of near-field coupling small antennas for wireless power transfer," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 58, No. 12, 3442-3449, 2010.